Methods and kits for isolating nucleic acid from an organism

ABSTRACT

The invention generally relates to methods and kits for isolating nucleic acids from an organism. In certain embodiments, methods of the invention involve contacting a plurality of lytic enzymes to an organism, thereby lysing a cell wall of the organism to release the nucleic acid, and introducing at least one agent to separate the nucleic acid from the lysed cells, thereby isolating the nucleic acid.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to methods and kits for isolatingnucleic acids from an organism.

BACKGROUND

Physical mapping of genomes, e.g., using restriction endonucleases todevelop restriction maps, can provide accurate information about thenucleic acid sequences of various organisms. Restriction maps of, e.g.,deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), can be generated by optical mapping.Optical mapping can produce ordered restriction maps by usingfluorescence microscopy to visualize restriction endonuclease cuttingevents on individual labeled DNA molecules.

In optical mapping, nucleic acid is isolated from an organism, depositedon a substrate, and digested by a restriction enzyme. Methods forisolating nucleic acid from an organism, e.g., bacteria, generallyinvolve embedding cells in agarose followed by gentle lysis viaenzymatic and/or chemical digestion of a cell wall of the organism.Agarose protects the nucleic acid from fluid turbulence and othershearing forces that otherwise degrade nucleic acid following lysis. Thespecific combination of enzymes, digestive chemicals, and/or otherprocedural variants (e.g., pretreatment of cells) depend on a cell wallcomposition of a particular organism (e.g., Gram positive or negative).

Those methods pose two concerns for rapidly identifying an organism inclinical samples or in contaminated sources. A first problem is thattailoring a lysis protocol is not possible without previous knowledge ofthe identity of the organism(s) in the source material. A second problemis that agarose or other semi-solid material is not compatible withfluid flow devices used for nucleic acid deposition.

There is a need for methods and kits for isolating nucleic acids from anorganism.

SUMMARY

The invention generally relates to methods and kits for isolatingnucleic acids from an organism. Methods of the invention use a pluralityof lytic enzymes to lyse a cell wall of an organism and expose nucleicacids of the organism. Because a plurality of different enzymes areused, activity against a broad range of organisms is achieved withoutneeding to know the identity of the organism. Exemplary enzymes includeachromopeptidase, lysozyme, lysostaphin, mutanolysin, or a combinationthereof.

An agent, such as a cationic detergent or an affinity bead, is used toisolate the nucleic acids from the lysed cells, and a biocompatiblepolymer is introduced to the isolated nucleic acid. The chosen polymerhas a viscosity that allows for the isolated nucleic acids to be useddirectly in fluid flow applications, such as deposition onto asubstrate. Exemplary polymers include methyl cellulose,polyvinylpryollidone (PVP), Ficol, or a combination thereof. In thismanner, the isolated nucleic acid remains in a continuously fluidenvironment, thus maintaining molecular integrity of the nucleic acid,while making the nucleic acids available for subsequent fluid flowapplications without the need for additional sample preparationprotocols.

Using an enzymatic approach instead of a chemical approach ensures thatnucleic acid will not be damaged and/or degraded during the lyticprocess, as is known to occur during lytic processes that involvechemicals. By abandoning agarose and employing a polymer that increasesviscosity of a solution containing the isolated nucleic acid, thenucleic acids are available for subsequent fluid flow applicationswithout the need for additional sample preparation protocols as isrequired with the use of agarose.

To ensure complete lysis of a cell wall of the organism, methods of theinvention may further include introducing proteinase K prior to addingthe separating agent. Methods of the invention may also involveisolating the organism from a sample prior to lysing a cell wall of theorganism. The sample may be a human tissue or body fluid, anenvironmental sample, or a food sample.

Once isolated, the nucleic acids may be used for any subsequentanalytical process. In a particular embodiment, the isolated nucleicacids are used for optical mapping. The isolated nucleic acid in asolution including a biocompatible polymer are deposited onto asubstrate such that the nucleic acid is elongated and fixed on thesubstrate so that the nucleic acid remains accessible for enzymaticreactions. The nucleic acid is then enzymatically digested to produceone or more restriction digests, which are then imaged. An optical mapis then constructed from the restriction digests.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention generally relates to methods and kits for isolatingnucleic acids from an organism, such as an unknown organism. Methods ofthe invention involve isolating an organism from a sample. The samplemay be a human tissue or body fluid. A tissue is a mass of connectedcells and/or extracellular matrix material, e.g. skin tissue, nasalpassage tissue, CNS tissue, neural tissue, eye tissue, liver tissue,kidney tissue, placental tissue, mammary gland tissue, placental tissue,gastrointestinal tissue, musculoskeletal tissue, genitourinary tissue,bone marrow, and the like, derived from, for example, a human or othermammal and includes the connecting material and the liquid material inassociation with the cells and/or tissues.

A body fluid is a liquid material derived from, for example, a human orother mammal. Such body fluids include, but are not limited to, mucous,blood, plasma, serum, serum derivatives, bile, blood, maternal blood,phlegm, saliva, sweat, amniotic fluid, mammary fluid, urine, andcerebrospinal fluid (CSF), such as lumbar or ventricular CSF. A samplemay also be a fine needle aspirate or biopsied tissue. A sample also maybe media containing cells or biological material.

The sample may also be an environmental sample such as water, air, dirt,rock, etc. In other embodiments, the sample is a food sample.

Methods of the invention involve contacting a plurality of lytic enzymesto the organism, thereby providing activity against a broad range oforganisms and lysing cells of the organism to release the nucleic acid.Once lysed, at least one agent is introduced to separate the nucleicacid from the lysed cells, thereby isolating the nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, enzymes are used that have activity against aclass of organisms. For example, achromopeptidase has potentbacteriolytic activity for most of the gram-positive aerobic bacteria.Exemplary enzymes that have activity against a class of organismsinclude achromopeptidase, lysozyme, lysostaphin, mutanolysin, or acombination thereof.

In other embodiments, the enzymes have specificity for a particularorganism (known as lysins). Lysins are highly evolved enzymes producedby bacteriophage (phage) to digest the bacterial cell wall for phageprogeny release. In Gram-positive bacteria, small quantities of purifiedrecombinant lysin added externally results in immediate lysis causinglog-fold death of the target bacterium. Advantages of lysins includespecificity for a particular bacteria are shown in (Fishetti, Curr OpiMicrobiol, 11:393-400, 2008). A phage lytic enzyme binding to a targetbacterium, for example S. aureus, and disrupting the cell wall of thebacterium. Once the cell wall is breached, the inner membrane of thebacterium cannot hold the intracellular material and the bacteriumbursts, releasing the intracellular material, including intracellulargenes and typically gene products, of the bacterium into the sample. Theentire process from binding to lysing occurs rapidly, for example, inabout 5 seconds, in about 10 seconds, in about 30 seconds, in about 1minute, in about two minutes, in about three minutes, etc.

Lysins from DNA-phage that infect Gram-positive bacteria are generallybetween 25 and 40 kDa in size except the PlyC for streptococci that is114 kDa. This enzyme is unique because it is composed of two separategene products, PlyCA and PlyCB (Fishetti, Current Opinion inMicrobiology, 11:393-400, 2008). With some exceptions, the N-terminaldomain contains the catalytic activity of the enzyme. This activity maybe either an endo-b-N-acetylglucosaminidase or N-acetylmuramidase(lysozymes), both of which act on the sugar moiety of the bacterialwall, an endopeptidase that acts on the peptide moiety, or anN-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (or amidase), which hydrolyzes theamide bond connecting the glycan strand and peptide moieties (Young,Microbiol Rev, 56:430-481, 1992; and Loessner, Curr Opi Microbiol,8:480-487, 2005). In some cases, particularly staphylococcal lysins, twoand perhaps even three different catalytic domains may be linked to asingle binding domain (Navarre et al., J Biol Chem, 274:15847-15856,1999).

Studies of lysin-treated bacteria reveal that lysins exert their effectsby forming holes in the cell wall through peptidoglycan digestion(Fishetti, Curr Opi Microbiol, 11:393-400, 2008). The high internalpressure of bacterial cells (roughly 3 to 5 atmospheres) is controlledby the highly cross-linked cell wall. Any disruption in the integrity ofthe wall will result in extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane andultimate hypotonic lysis (Fishetti, Curr Opi Microbiol, 11:393-400,2008). In certain embodiments, a single enzyme molecule is used tocleave an adequate number of bonds to kill a target bacterium.

In general, lysins only kill the species (or subspecies) of bacteriafrom which they were produced (Fishetti, Curr Opi Microbiol, 11:393-400,2008). For instance, enzymes produced from streptococcal phage killcertain streptococci, and enzymes produced by pneumococcal phage killpneumococci (Nelson et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98:4107-4112, 2001;and Loeffler et al. Science, 294:2170-2172, 2001). Specifically, a lysinfrom a group C streptococcal phage (PlyC) will kill group C streptococcias well as groups A and E streptococci, the bovine pathogen S. uberisand the horse pathogen, S. equi, without effecting streptococci normallyfound in the oral cavity of humans and other Gram-positive bacteria(Fishetti, Curr Opi Microbiol, 11:393-400, 2008). Similar results areseen with a pneumococcal specific lysin (Fishetti, Curr Opi Microbiol,11:393-400, 2008).

An important lysin with respect to infection control is a lysin directedto S. aureus. A staphylococcal enzyme and methods of producing theenzyme is described in Fishetti (Curr Opi Microbiol, 11:393-400, 2008)and Rashel et al. (J Infect Dis, 196:1237-1247, 2007). This lysin iseasily produced recombinantly and has a significant lethal effect onMRSA both in vitro and in a mouse model (Rashel et al., J Infect Dis,196:1237-1247, 2007).

Lysins that specifically lyse Group A Streptococcus (GAS), vancomycinresistant Enterococcus (VRE), Pneumococcus, Group B Streptococcus (GBS),and Bacillus anthracis are also shown in Fishetti (Curr Opi Microbiol,11:393-400, 2008).

Table 1 below provides phage-lytic enzymes that lyse particularbacteria.

TABLE 1 Phage Pathogen Enzyme References MRSA ClyS Fishetti, Curr OpiMicrobiol, 11: 393-400, 2008 Rashel et al., J Infect Dis, 196:1237-1247, 2007 Group B Strep PlyGBS Cheng et al., Antimicrob AgentsChemother, 49: 111-117, 2005 Harris et al., J. Clin Invest, 111: 61-70,2003 Group A Strep PlyC Fischetti, Trends in Mocrob, 13: 491-496, 2005Robbins et al., J. Bacteriol., 169: 5633-5640, 1987 Pneumococcus Cpl-1Loeffler et al. Infect Immun, 71: 6199-6204, 2003 Yu et al., J. MedicalMicrobiology, 57: 171-178, 2008 Vancomycin PlyV12 Yoong et al. J.Bacteriol., 186: 4808-4812, 2004 Resistant Joong-Sik et al. J. ClinMicrobiology, Enterococcus 1785-1786, 2004 Bacillus PlyG Fishetti, CurrOpi Microbiol, anthracis 11: 393-400, 2008 drug resistant Che12 Kumar etal., Tuberculosis, 88: 616-623, 2008 tuberculosis Marttila et al.Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 40: 2187-2189, 1996

Upon lysis of the organism, the intracellular genes or gene products arereleased. To ensure complete lysis of a cell wall of the organism,methods of the invention may further include introducing proteinase Kprior to adding a separating agent.

After lysis, a separating agent is introduced to isolate the nucleicacids from the lysed cells. The separating agent may be a chemical, suchas a cationic detergent. Cationic detergents refer to molecules in whichan active part of the molecule is a positive ion (cation). Cationicdetergents are usually quaternary ammonium salts, such ascetyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetylpyridinium chloride. Thecationic detergent is used to facilitate downstream separation ofnucleic acid from the lysed cells by electrophoresis. See e.g., Mocz etal. (Analytical Biochem., 143(2):283-292, 1984) and Schick (AnalBiochem., 63(2):345-349, 1975), the contents of each of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

In other embodiments, the nucleic acid is separated from the lysed cellsusing affinity beads, such as latex beads, resin beads, magnetic beads,gold beads, polymer beads, or any type of bead known in the art. Seee.g., Ni-NTA Magnetic Agarose Beads Handbook, (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany,printed June 1998, distributed August 1998), Lubenow et al. (U.S. Pat.No. 6,723,510), and Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning. A LaboratoryManual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1989), thecontents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

After isolation of the nucleic acid, a biocompatible polymer is added toa solution including the isolated nucleic acid. The chosen polymer has aviscosity that allows for the isolated nucleic acids to be used directlyin fluid flow applications, such as deposition onto a substrate.Exemplary polymers include methyl cellulose, polyvinylpryollidone (PVP),Ficol, or a combination thereof. In this manner, the isolated nucleicacid remains in a continuously fluid environment, thus maintainingmolecular integrity of the nucleic acid, while making the nucleic acidsavailable for subsequent fluid flow applications without the need foradditional sample preparation protocols.

Once isolated, the nucleic acids may be used for any subsequentanalytical process. In a particular embodiment, the isolated nucleicacids are used for optical mapping. Optical mapping is a single-moleculetechnique for production of ordered restriction maps from a single DNAmolecule (Samad et al., Genome Res. 5:1-4, 1995). Various methods can beused for controllable elongation of single nucleic acid molecules inoptical mapping and/or sequencing. The methods can be gel-based, solidsurface-based, and flow-based (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,509,158).During some applications, individual fluorescently labeled DNA moleculesare elongated in a flow of agarose between a coverslip and a microscopeslide (in a first-generation method) or fixed onto polylysine-treatedglass surfaces (in a second-generation method). Samad et al. supra. Theadded endonuclease cuts the DNA at specific points, and the fragmentsare imaged. Id. Restriction maps can be constructed based on the numberof fragments resulting from the digest. Id. Generally, the final map isan average of fragment sizes derived from similar molecules. Id.

Optical mapping and related methods are described in U.S. Pat. No.5,405,519, U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,664, U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,089, U.S. Pat.No. 6,147,198, U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,928, U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,671, U.S.Pat. No. 6,294,136, U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,567, U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,012,U.S. Pat. No. 6,509,158, U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,256, and U.S. Pat. No.6,713,263. All the cited patents are incorporated by reference herein intheir entireties.

Optical Maps are constructed as described in Reslewic et al., ApplEnviron Microbiol. 2005 September; 71 (9):5511-22, incorporated byreference herein. Briefly, individual chromosomal fragments from testorganisms are immobilized on derivatized glass by virtue ofelectrostatic interactions between the negatively-charged DNA and thepositively-charged surface, digested with one or more restrictionendonuclease, stained with an intercalating dye such as YOYO-1(Invitrogen) and positioned onto an automated fluorescent microscope forimage analysis. Since the chromosomal fragments are immobilized, therestriction fragments produced by digestion with the restrictionendonuclease remain attached to the glass and can be visualized byfluorescence microscopy, after staining with the intercalating dye. Thesize of each restriction fragment in a chromosomal DNA molecule ismeasured using image analysis software and identical restrictionfragment patterns in different molecules are used to assemble orderedrestriction maps covering the entire chromosome.

Restriction mapping, e.g., optical mapping, can be used in a variety ofapplications. For example, the methods featured herein can be used todetermine a property, e.g., physical and/or chemical property, e.g.,size, length, restriction map, weight, mass, sequence, conformational orstructural change, pKa change, distribution, viscosity, rates ofrelaxation of a labeled and/or non-labeled molecule, e.g., an amplicon(e.g., PCR product), of a portion of a genome (e.g., a chromosome), orof an entire genome.

The methods can also be used to identify various organisms, e.g.,viruses and prions, and various microorganisms, e.g., bacteria,protists, and fungi, whose genetic information is stored as DNA or RNAby correlating the restriction map of a nucleic acid of an organism witha restriction map database. Such identification methods can be used indiagnosing a disease or disorder. Methods of identifying organisms byrestriction mapping are described, e.g., in a U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/120,586, filed on May 14, 2008, incorporated herein byreference.

The methods featured herein can also be used in other diagnosticapplications, for example, imaging specific loci or genetic regions forindividuals or populations to help identify specific diseases ordisorders. Other uses of the methods will be apparent to those skilledin the art.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

References and citations to other documents, such as patents, patentapplications, patent publications, journals, books, papers, webcontents, have been made throughout this disclosure. All such documentsare hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for allpurposes.

EQUIVALENTS

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departingfrom the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoingembodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrativerather than limiting on the invention described herein. Scope of theinvention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by theforegoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning andrange of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embracedtherein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for isolating nucleic acid from anorganism, the method comprising: contacting a plurality of lytic enzymesto an organism, thereby lysing a cell wall of the organism to releasethe nucleic acid; and introducing at least one agent to separate thenucleic acid from the lysed cells, thereby isolating the nucleic acid.2. The method according to claim 1, wherein prior to introducing theagent, the method further comprises introducing proteinase K.
 3. Themethod according to claim 1, further comprising introducing at least onebiocompatible polymer to the isolated nucleic acid, wherein thebiocompatible polymer has a viscosity that allows for the isolatednucleic acids to be used in fluid flow applications.
 4. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the agent is a cationic detergent.
 5. Themethod according to claim 1, wherein the agent is an affinity bead. 6.The method according to claim 5, wherein the affinity bead is a magneticbead.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein prior to thecontacting step, the method further comprises separating the organismfrom a sample.
 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the sample isselected from the group consisting of a human tissue or body fluid, anenvironmental sample, and a food sample.
 9. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the plurality of lytic enzymes are selected from thegroup consisting of achromopeptidase, lysozyme, lysostaphin,mutanolysin, and a combination thereof.
 10. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the organism is an unknown organism.
 11. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein lysis occurs in solution.
 12. A kitcomprising: a plurality of lytic enzymes; and at least one separatingagent.
 13. The kit according to claim 12, further comprising proteinaseK.
 14. The kit according to claim 12, further comprising at least onebiocompatible polymer, wherein the polymer has a viscosity that allowsfor use of nucleic acids in fluid flow applications.
 15. The kitaccording to claim 14, wherein the polymer is selected from the groupconsisting of methyl cellulose, polyvinylpryollidone (PVP), Ficol, and acombination thereof.
 16. The kit according to claim 12, wherein theplurality of lytic enzymes are selected from the group consisting ofachromopeptidase, lysozyme, lysostaphin, mutanolysin, and a combinationthereof.
 17. The kit according to claim 12, wherein the agent is acationic detergent.
 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein theagent is an affinity bead.
 19. The method according to claim 18, whereinthe affinity bead is a magnetic bead.
 20. A method for generating aphysical map of a genome of an organism, the method comprising:contacting a plurality of lytic enzymes to an organism, thereby lysing acell wall of the organism to release the nucleic acid; introducing atleast one agent to separate the nucleic acid from the lysed cells,thereby isolating the nucleic acid; introducing at least onebiocompatible polymer to the isolated nucleic acid, wherein thebiocompatible polymer has a viscosity that allows for the isolatednucleic acids to be used in fluid flow applications; depositing thenucleic acid onto a substrate such that the nucleic acid is elongatedand fixed on the substrate so that the nucleic acid remains accessiblefor enzymatic reactions; digesting the nucleic acid enzymatically toproduce one or more restriction digests; imaging the restrictiondigests; and constructing an optical map from the restriction digests.21. The method according to claim 20, wherein prior to introducing theagent, the method further comprises introducing proteinase K.
 22. Themethod according to claim 20, wherein prior to the contacting step, themethod further comprises separating the organism from a sample.
 23. Themethod according to claim 20, wherein lysis occurs in solution.
 24. Themethod according to claim 20, wherein the agent is a cationic detergent.25. The method according to claim 20, wherein the agent is an affinitybead.